As an experienced water heater specialist, I’m often asked about common issues with gas-fired storage tank water heaters and how to address them. We learned this the hard way when dealing with complex water heater issues… One of the most frequent problems homeowners face is a pilot light that keeps going out. In this comprehensive guide, I’ll walk you through the key components of these systems, share best practices for maintaining them, and provide step-by-step troubleshooting advice to help you restore pilot light function and get your hot water back up and running.
Now, this might seem counterintuitive when dealing with water heaters…
Water Heater Components
Before we dive into pilot light troubleshooting, it’s helpful to understand the core parts of a gas-fired storage tank water heater and how they work together.
Tank Design and Construction
The main body of a storage tank water heater is the insulated steel tank itself. This tank holds the water that gets heated and stored, ready for use throughout your home. The tank is designed to minimize heat loss, with rigid foam insulation wrapped around the exterior to prevent standby heat loss. At the bottom of the tank, you’ll find the water inlet and outlet pipes, where cold water enters and hot water exits the system.
Heating Elements and Thermostats
Inside the tank, submerged in the water, are one or more heating elements. On a gas-fired model, this is typically a gas burner assembly located beneath the tank. An electric water heater, on the other hand, will have electric resistance heating elements. Controlling the heating elements is a thermostat, which monitors the water temperature and signals the burner or element to fire on or off as needed to maintain the desired set point.
Pilot Light and Ignition Systems
The key to igniting the gas burner on a storage tank water heater is the pilot light – a small, continuous flame that serves as the ignition source. On older models, the pilot light might want to be manually lit and remains burning at all times. Newer gas water heaters may use an electronic ignition system instead, with a spark or hot surface igniter that only lights the main burner when hot water is needed.
Water Heater Maintenance
Proper maintenance is essential for keeping your gas water heater running smoothly and efficiently. Let’s look at a few of the most important maintenance tasks.
Pilot Light Troubleshooting
One of the most common issues with gas water heaters is the pilot light going out. This can happen for a variety of reasons, such as:
- Gas Pressure Fluctuations: Changes in the gas supply pressure can cause the pilot flame to flicker or extinguish. This may be an issue with the gas line outside your home.
- Thermocouple/Thermopile Failure: These safety devices monitor the pilot flame and shut off the gas if the pilot goes out. A malfunctioning thermocouple or thermopile won’t keep the pilot lit.
- Drafts and Airflow Issues: Air currents around the water heater can blow out the pilot. Make sure the installation location provides adequate ventilation.
If your pilot light keeps going out, try the following steps to get it relit and functioning properly again:
- Shut off the gas supply to the water heater.
- Wait at least 10 minutes for any built-up gas to dissipate.
- Locate the pilot light assembly, usually near the bottom of the unit.
- Using a long match or fireplace lighter, carefully relight the pilot according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
- Once the pilot is lit, slowly release the control knob and double-check that the flame stays lit.
- If the pilot won’t stay lit, check the thermocouple/thermopile and consider calling in a professional for further diagnosis and repair.
Tank Flushing and Sediment Removal
Over time, minerals and sediment can accumulate in the bottom of the water heater tank, reducing efficiency and potentially leading to premature failure. Perform an annual tank flush to remove this buildup:
- Shut off power/gas to the water heater.
- Attach a garden hose to the drain valve at the base of the tank.
- Open the drain valve and allow the tank to fully drain.
- Once drained, close the valve and restore power/gas.
- Allow the tank to refill before relighting the pilot or turning the power back on.
Anode Rod Replacement
Another important maintenance task is regularly inspecting and replacing the anode rod. This metal rod, located inside the tank, helps prevent corrosion by sacrificing itself to the tank’s electrochemical processes. Over time, the anode rod will deteriorate and need to be swapped out to preserve the tank’s integrity. Consult your owner’s manual for the recommended replacement interval, typically every 3-5 years.
Plumbing Techniques
Proper water heater installation and integration with your home’s plumbing system is crucial for safe, efficient operation. Here are some key plumbing considerations:
Pipe Fitting and Soldering
Connecting the water inlet, outlet, and gas supply lines to the water heater requires precise pipe fitting and soldering techniques. Using the right materials – such as copper, CPVC, or PEX tubing – and ensuring secure, leak-free joints is essential. A professional plumber can double-check that all connections are up to code.
Shutoff Valve Installation
Installing shutoff valves on the cold water inlet and hot water outlet pipes makes it easy to isolate the water heater for maintenance or repairs. These valves allow you to turn off water flow to the unit without disrupting service to the rest of your plumbing system.
Expansion Tank Integration
Many jurisdictions now require the installation of an expansion tank along with a new water heater. This helps manage the increase in water volume as the stored water is heated, preventing dangerous pressure buildup in the plumbing. Integrating the expansion tank properly is key.
Installation Methods
Proper water heater installation is critical for safety, efficiency, and code compliance. Let’s review some of the key considerations.
Site Preparation and Clearances
Before installing a new water heater, the installation site might want to be properly prepared. This includes ensuring adequate clearance around the unit for access and ventilation, as well as a level, stable surface to support the weight of a full tank. The water heater might want to also be situated a safe distance from ignition sources and flammable materials.
Venting and Combustion Air Requirements
For gas-fired water heaters, proper venting is essential to safely exhaust combustion byproducts. The vent piping might want to be the correct size and routed according to manufacturer specifications and local building codes. Adequate combustion air supply is also required to double-check that complete fuel burning and prevent backdrafting.
Electrical Wiring and Connections
Electric water heaters, as well as the ignition systems on gas models, require proper electrical wiring and grounding. This work should only be performed by a licensed electrician to double-check that safety and code compliance. Incorrect wiring can lead to shock hazards or improper operation.
Fuel Supply and Safety
Safely connecting and maintaining the fuel supply, whether gas or electric, is a critical aspect of water heater ownership.
Gas Line Sizing and Connection
For gas-fired water heaters, the supply gas line might want to be properly sized to deliver sufficient fuel volume. Undersized gas piping can result in insufficient pressure and flame issues. A professional should assess your home’s gas infrastructure and make any necessary upgrades during water heater installation.
Pressure Regulation and Testing
Both the gas and water supply lines feeding the water heater need to be tested for proper pressure and flow. Improper pressures can impact the heater’s ability to function safely and efficiently. Pressure-regulating devices may be required in some cases.
Flame Monitoring and Safety Devices
Modern gas water heaters incorporate a variety of safety features, such as flame sensors and high-temperature cutoffs, to detect issues and shut off the gas supply if problems arise. Proper operation of these safety devices is essential to prevent dangerous gas buildup or scalding water temperatures.
Efficiency and Energy Savings
Maximizing the energy efficiency of your water heater can yield significant long-term cost savings. Here are some key efficiency-boosting strategies:
Tank Insulation and Wraps
Adding extra insulation to the water heater tank, either with a factory-installed jacket or an after-market insulating wrap, helps reduce standby heat losses. This keeps the stored water hotter for longer, reducing the frequency and duration of the burner or heating element cycling on.
Tankless Water Heater Options
For those looking to achieve even greater efficiency, tankless or on-demand water heaters are an excellent alternative to traditional storage tank models. These compact, wall-mounted appliances heat water instantly as it’s needed, eliminating standby heat losses. They tend to be more expensive upfront but can provide significant long-term energy savings.
Timer and Thermostat Controls
Equipping your water heater with advanced controls, such as programmable timers or smart thermostats, allows you to precisely schedule and regulate the unit’s operation. This helps double-check that hot water is available when needed while minimizing unnecessary energy use during periods of low demand.
Regulatory Compliance
When it comes to water heaters, there are a number of regulatory requirements and standards to be aware of.
Local Building Codes
Every municipality has its own set of building codes that new water heater installations might want to adhere to. These codes cover everything from clearances and ventilation to gas and electrical connections. Hiring a licensed, insured plumber is the best way to double-check that your water heater installation meets all local requirements.
Energy Efficiency Standards
Federal and state energy efficiency standards, such as the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), mandate minimum efficiency levels for residential water heaters. These standards help drive innovation and reduce energy consumption across the country.
Permit Requirements
In most areas, a permit is required to install, replace, or make major modifications to a water heater. Securing the proper permits and passing inspections ensures your installation is safe and compliant with local laws.
Troubleshooting and Repairs
Even with proper maintenance, water heaters can still experience issues from time to time. Here are some common problems and repair strategies:
Common Error Codes and Diagnostics
Many modern water heaters, both gas and electric, have built-in diagnostic systems that display error codes when problems arise. Referencing your owner’s manual or contacting the manufacturer can help you interpret these codes and identify the root cause.
Component Replacement Procedures
When a water heater component like the thermostat, heating element, or gas control valve fails, it usually needs to be replaced. Consult the manufacturer’s instructions or work with a qualified technician to safely remove and reinstall the faulty part.
Water Heater Lifespan and Replacement
On average, a well-maintained storage tank water heater will last 8-12 years. As the unit approaches the end of its useful life, consider proactively replacing it to avoid the risk of sudden failure, leaks, or other issues. Upgrading to a more energy-efficient model can also yield long-term cost savings.
No matter what type of water heater you have or what issues you’re experiencing, the key is to address problems promptly and maintain the system diligently. By following the tips and techniques outlined in this guide, you can keep your gas-fired storage tank water heater running safely and efficiently for years to come. And if you ever need professional assistance, be sure to visit WaterHeaterPick.com to find a qualified local service provider.
Tip: Consider upgrading to a tankless water heater for energy savings
